The biological process by which muscle cells build new proteins, the primary mechanism for muscle growth, repair, and adaptation to exercise.
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is the process by which ribosomes in skeletal muscle cells translate mRNA into new proteins, driving muscle growth, repair, and functional adaptation. MPS is stimulated by mechanical tension (resistance exercise), amino acid availability (particularly leucine), and anabolic hormonal signalling (insulin, IGF-1, growth hormone) through the mTOR signalling pathway. The balance between MPS and muscle protein breakdown determines net muscle protein balance. Growth hormone, stimulated by CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin, supports MPS both directly and indirectly through IGF-1 production. NAD+ also supports muscle function by maintaining mitochondrial energy production and SIRT1-mediated metabolism.
BIOLOGY
General research term
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Total body weight minus fat mass, comprising muscle, bone, organs, and water, a key metric in body composition and metabolic health research.
A 191-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates growth, body composition, metabolism, and tissue repair.
A synthetic 29-amino acid analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that stimulates sustained growth hormone elevation from the pituitary gland.
A selective pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release via the ghrelin receptor with minimal effects on cortisol and prolactin.
The active growth phase of the hair follicle cycle, lasting 2-7 years, during which the hair shaft elongates from a fully formed hair bulb.
A cluster of specialised mesenchymal cells at the base of the hair follicle that controls hair growth, cycling, and follicle regeneration.
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