A cellular self-cleaning process that degrades and recycles damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and pathogens, crucial for longevity and cellular health.
Autophagy (from the Greek 'self-eating') is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway in which cytoplasmic components including damaged organelles, aggregated proteins, and intracellular pathogens are enclosed within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. There are three main types: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, each with distinct mechanisms but shared goals of cellular quality control. Autophagy is upregulated in response to nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, and infection, serving as both a survival mechanism and a quality-control system. Declining autophagic efficiency with age is linked to the accumulation of cellular damage, neurodegeneration, and metabolic dysfunction. NAD+ has been shown to enhance autophagy via sirtuin activation (particularly SIRT1), making it a compound of significant interest in longevity research.
SCIENCE
General research term
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Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, an essential coenzyme in every living cell that drives energy metabolism, DNA repair, and sirtuin-mediated longevity pathways.
A family of seven NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases (SIRT1-7) that regulate gene expression, DNA repair, metabolism, and aging processes.
The irreversible state of cell cycle arrest in which cells remain metabolically active but stop dividing, contributing to tissue aging and chronic inflammation.
Double-membrane organelles responsible for generating cellular energy (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation, also involved in apoptosis and calcium signalling.
An imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant defences, leading to cellular and molecular damage associated with aging and disease.
The physiological process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, essential for wound healing, tissue repair, and nutrient delivery.
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