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Small signalling proteins secreted by immune and tissue cells that modulate inflammation, immune responses, and cell communication.
Cytokines are a broad category of small signalling proteins (typically 5-25 kDa) secreted by a wide range of cells, including immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells) and non-immune cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells). They act through specific cell-surface receptors to regulate inflammation, immunity, haematopoiesis, and tissue repair. Major cytokine families include interleukins, tumour necrosis factors, interferons, chemokines, and colony-stimulating factors. Cytokines can be pro-inflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-beta), and their balance determines whether an inflammatory response resolves normally or becomes chronic. Research peptides like BPC-157 and TB-500 have been shown to modulate cytokine profiles, typically shifting the balance toward resolution of inflammation.
SCIENCE
General research term
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The body's protective immune reaction to injury, infection, or irritation, involving increased blood flow, immune cell recruitment, and tissue repair signalling.
Body Protection Compound-157, a synthetic 15-amino acid peptide derived from human gastric juice with potent tissue-healing and neuroprotective properties.
A synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, a 43-amino acid protein involved in cell migration, tissue repair, and anti-inflammatory signalling.
The complex system of molecular communication by which cells detect, process, and respond to signals from other cells and their environment.
The physiological process of forming new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, essential for wound healing, tissue repair, and nutrient delivery.
A cellular self-cleaning process that degrades and recycles damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and pathogens, crucial for longevity and cellular health.
Legal under MHRA rules. BPC-157, tirzepatide & NAD+ pens with next-day UK delivery from £99. >99% purity, GMP certified. Shop now.
ARTICLEPens cut dosing error from 15% to under 2%. We compare accuracy, contamination risk, cost, and convenience. See why researchers are switching in 2026.
ARTICLEOver 100 published studies back BPC-157 for tissue repair, gut healing, and neuroprotection. Mechanisms, dosing protocols, and where to buy in the UK.
COMPARISONCompare BPC-157 and TB-500 for recovery research. Mechanisms, benefits, dosing, and when to use each peptide. Buy both as pre-mixed pens UK.
COMPARISONCompare tirzepatide and semaglutide for metabolic research. Dual vs single receptor, efficacy data, side effects, and pricing. Buy tirzepatide pens UK.
ENCYCLOPEDIAGastric Pentadecapeptide. Molecular weight: 1419.53 Da. Explore mechanism of action, key studies, and research applications.
BUNDLEThe most studied peptide duo in tissue regeneration research
PROTOCOLResearch protocol combining BPC-157 and TB-500 peptide pens for accelerated tissue recovery. Explore synergistic healing mechanisms, dosing schedules, and published study findings.
FAQEverything you need to know about peptide pen systems. Learn how pre-mixed peptide pens work, their advantages over vials, dosing mechanisms, and more.
CATEGORYResearch-grade recovery peptide pens. BPC-157 and TB-500 for tissue repair, wound healing, and inflammation research. >99% purity, UK delivery.
CATEGORYResearch-grade weight loss peptide pens. Tirzepatide dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist for metabolic research. Pre-mixed pens, >99% purity, next-day UK delivery.
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